The investigation
In 2017, the Queensland Ombudsman received information that raised concerns about the treatment of people detained at the Forensic Disability Service (FDS).
The FDS is a medium secure 10-bed facility situated at Wacol, Brisbane, for the involuntary detention of people found unfit for trial as a result of an intellectual or cognitive disability, and who require secure care. The facility is operated by the Department of Communities, Disability Services and Seniors (the Department) with oversight from the Director of Forensic Disability (the Director).
Two reports delivered to the Queensland Government in 2006 found that people with intellectual and cognitive disability were being detained in secure mental health facilities as a result of a lack of alternative legislative and service arrangements. The seminal report by the Honourable William J Carter QC, Challenging Behaviour and Disability: A Targeted Response (the Carter report), recommended that people with intellectual or cognitive disability who interact with the criminal justice system required a different and specialised response. As part of the Queensland Government’s response to these reports, the Forensic Disability Act 2011 (the FD Act) was enacted and the FDS was established in July 2011.
Initial inquiries by the Office of the Queensland Ombudsman confirmed that government and non-government entities had raised concerns about the treatment of people detained at the FDS, and the length of their detention periods. Given the gravity of these concerns, the Ombudsman decided to commence an investigation into the treatment of people within the forensic disability system in Queensland. The investigation commenced on 15 May 2018.
At first, the scope of the investigation was to encompass issues facing the broader forensic disability system. However, based on information obtained during the early phase of the investigation, the scope was refined to whether people detained at the FDS were receiving appropriate care and support in compliance with the FD Act.
The FD Act provides for the involuntary detention, care, support and protection of people with intellectual or cognitive disability at the FDS. This legislation embeds key concepts of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, an international human rights treaty, into local legislation that applies at the FDS. The FD Act therefore transforms international human rights objectives into specific legal requirements that must be applied. Guiding principles that recognise the human rights of people detained, and which promote therapeutic outcomes, are incorporated into the legislative scheme, and are also embedded in specific provisions.
Knowledge of concerns
The issues outlined in this report are not new. By the time this investigation commenced, the Department had already generated or received much of the information contained in this report. In fact, the Department has regularly been informed about key issues of concern over the course of several years.
In April 2017, the Department produced a draft bill in response to the statutory requirements to review the FD Act. A consultation draft of this bill was provided to stakeholders for comment.
The Public Guardian’s submission to the draft bill raised specific concerns about the treatment of people detained at the FDS and provided specific case examples. In response, the Department appointed an interstate clinician to carry out an investigation into the allegations. The investigation found that three allegations were substantiated, two were partially substantiated and 11 were unsubstantiated. However, outside the prescribed terms of reference, the appointed clinician included general observations that identified significant weaknesses in the operation of the FDS.
The Department then commissioned a second review in partnership with Queensland Health. Professor James RP Ogloff AM, Dr Janet Ruffles and Dr Danny Sullivan, acting for the Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, Swinburne University of Technology, delivered their report in March 2018 (the Ogloff report). The Ogloff report recommended significant reform to the current forensic disability system in Queensland, and was tabled in parliament during the course of the Ombudsman’s investigation in October 2018.
By September 2016, after the FDS had been in operation for more than five years, no person detained at the FDS had been transitioned out of the facility. This triggered a safeguard provision under the FD Act that requires the Director to review a person’s detention to determine if they will continue to benefit from the care and support provided by the FDS (referred to in this report as the 5-year reviews).
Six of the Director’s 5-year review reports found that the person detained was not expected to benefit from further detention. Two further 5-year review reports found that the person had not benefited from detention at the FDS. The Director provided these reports to the Department.
Since 2014, the Office of the Director has also undertaken audits to assess legislative compliance with the FD Act and to monitor clinical domains that fall within the Director’s legislative responsibilities. The Director’s audit reports, which were provided to the Department, uncovered widespread legislative non-compliance across key areas of the FDS, including across areas linked to the treatment and support of people detained at the FDS.
Key issues
Within a closed environment that detains people with intellectual and cognitive disabilities, legislative compliance is critical to safeguarding the rights of those detained. However, this investigation found that widespread legislative non-compliance has been an enduring issue since the FDS was established.
Building blocks of good administrative practices not met
The FDS’s approach to recordkeeping has not met required standards. This has impacted on the management of risks within a complex environment, and has impacted on the quality of care and support for people detained. The absence of records, paucity of detail, and incomplete or inaccurate content also impacted on the capacity of the investigation to review all aspects of legislative compliance. Some records inspected by the investigation were so poor they undermined the capacity of the FDS to demonstrate the basic level of competence required to administer its legislative functions.
Records and recordkeeping are particularly important in this context. The quality of recordkeeping at the FDS undermined the credibility of the organisation and exposed the people detained at the FDS, its staff and the community to risk.
The investigation identified the lack of an effective and integrated policy framework that supports the FDS to achieve legislative compliance and strategic objectives. This has led to inconsistencies between policies and procedures, as well as confusion around their application.
Concerns with the care and support of people detained
A primary focus of the FDS is to provide evidence-based programs that maximise a detained person’s quality of life, reduce the risk of reoffending and increase opportunities for community participation and reintegration, while also ensuring the safety of the community. The FDS was therefore expected to deliver programs specifically designed to meet the needs of people with intellectual and cognitive disability, and to thereby promote a therapeutic, rights-based approach.
Individual development plans must be prepared for every person detained at the FDS. However, individual development plans were found not to meet minimum legislative requirements, particularly in regard to the standard and quality of care. While the standard of individual development plans has improved, deficiencies have had significant impacts on the lived experience of people detained.
The investigation found that the FDS has failed to deliver programs to adequately promote the development, habilitation, rehabilitation and quality of life of people detained. This has impacted on their reintegration into the community, a key objective of the FD Act.
Concerns about risk management plans, which must be in place for each person detained, were also identified.
Detention periods and delays in transition
Although the FD Act contains a legislative obligation to ensure that all detained people have a transition plan in place, the investigation found that transition plans were not developed until 2017, six years after commencement of the FDS. This adversely impacted on the transition of people detained.
Regulated behaviour controls
Regulated behaviour controls, commonly referred to as restrictive practices, can be used at the FDS in limited and prescribed circumstances, and only as a last resort. The FD Act requires that a regulated behaviour control must only occur in a way that has regard to the human rights of the detained person, aims to eliminate the need for its use, and ensures transparency and accountability.
One of the most concerning findings of this investigation was that the FDS had not complied with legislation that restricts the use of regulated behaviour controls.
The FDS is required to keep a register of the use of regulated behaviour controls, a key component of the FD Act’s transparency and accountability regime. However, the investigation found that an operable and effective register was not created until 2016, and that, since then, the register contained inaccuracies and was therefore unreliable.
Given the importance of ensuring that medication prescribed for health care was not administered in circumstances that could amount to behaviour control, this issue was also investigated. The FDS was unable to demonstrate compliance with mandatory legislative provisions restricting the use of behaviour control medication at the FDS.
One person detained at the FDS, referred to as ‘Adrian’ in this report, has been subjected to back-to-back three-hour seclusion orders for more than six years. On reviewing the circumstances of Adrian’s case, the investigation found that he had been secluded 99% of the time between admission at the FDS in 2012 and September 2018.
The circumstances of Adrian’s case are severe and concerning, and were widely known to the Director and the Department. The Director’s 5-year review suggests that the impact of this seclusion on Adrian has been significantly detrimental to his health and wellbeing.
Having carefully examined evidence obtained from the FDS, the Director and the Department, the investigation concluded that the approach to secluding Adrian has been contrary to law, unreasonable, oppressive and improperly discriminatory.
Police attendance and criminal charges
The investigation also found that the FDS has requested assistance from the Queensland Police Service (QPS) to respond to situations involving Adrian. The investigation found that police have attended with police dogs, and that in some of these circumstances, this was likely for the purpose of controlling Adrian’s behaviour.
Some people detained at the FDS have been charged with criminal offences for incidents that have occurred between the person detained and FDS staff. All charges brought by the QPS in this context have been discharged by a court on the basis that the person was permanently unfit for trial as a result of the person’s intellectual or cognitive disability. The investigation concluded that some people detained at the FDS have been exposed to criminalisation on the basis of their disability.
Recent developments
Human Rights Act 2019
This investigation was completed prior to the enactment of the Human Rights Act 2019 (HR Act). The HR Act makes it unlawful for a public entity to act in a way that is incompatible with human rights, for example, by failing to give proper consideration to human rights when making decisions.
The application of the HR Act at the FDS will add an additional layer of protections to those that already exist under the FD Act.
New appointments
The persons who occupied the roles of Director and Administrator during the conduct of the investigation were not in those roles as at 1 July 2019. The current Director and Administrator are not the persons referred to in this report.
Causes and conclusions
Contributing factors and indicators
The investigation found a range of system-wide issues had contributed to administrative and operational failures of the FDS. These included that:
- The FDS has not embedded an appropriate and evidence-based approach to behaviour management
- There has been a lack of ongoing clinical expertise at the FDS
- There has not been a consistent, comprehensive and structured approach to the delivery of healthcare services
- There has not been a consistent whole-of-service approach to working with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, families and communities
- Despite the high proportion of people detained at the FDS who have a reported history of childhood trauma, approaches to trauma-informed care have not been appropriately considered, implemented or prioritised at the FDS.
Governance and oversight structures
The FDS is operated by the Department with oversight from the Director. Despite clear statutory obligations under the FD Act, the responsibilities of the Department and the Director in the operation of the FDS have not been mutually understood or consistently applied since its commencement.
One of the key themes that emerged throughout the investigation was the Department’s expanding and contracting characterisation of its role in the operation of the FDS, and this was reinforced in responses to the Ombudsman’s proposed report. The investigation found persistent disagreement between the Department and the Director about their respective roles and responsibilities in administering the FDS.
The investigation also found that organisational arrangements imposed by the Department did not give effect to the independence of the position of Director, and concluded that administrative decisions of the Department over time have impacted on the capacity of the Director to discharge their statutory obligations under the FD Act.